New York Real Estate Lawyers Blog

July 16, 2015

Evictions and Warrants of Eviction in New York State

Many of our clients are landlords who own only one property, such as a single or multi-family house or an apartment. Although they may be renting to a tenant, it is not their primary business or livelihood. As such, our firm is often asked to assist in removing a tenant due to a default under the lease, or due to the expiration of the lease in question. As discussed in a prior blog post, a Court proceeding is necessary in order to gain legal authority to evict a tenant.

The legal document allowing an eviction to occur is known as a warrant or warrant of eviction. It is similar to a judgment, except that instead of stating that a certain sum of money is owed, it states that the landlord has the legal right to evict a tenant. A warrant can be obtained in several ways during a Court proceeding. If the parties agree to settle a landlord-tenant action, the tenant may agree to vacate by a certain date. A condition of such agreement (known as a Stipulation or Stipulation of Settlement) would be that if the tenant does not vacate voluntarily, the landlord is entitled to a warrant of eviction. Often, the agreement will allow the warrant to be issued immediately, but the parties will agree to stay, or delay, enforcement of the warrant until after the date on which the tenant agreed to vacate the premises.

The Stipulation allows the landlord to have a warrant of eviction, but gives the tenant a reasonable amount of time (usually a month or two) in which to vacate. A crucial part of such an agreement is also that the tenant must pay use and occupancy during the period of time between settlement and moving out. Use and occupancy is a legal term which applies to rent paid after the tenant has agreed to surrender possession. The agreement will usually state that if the tenant fails to pay such use and occupancy, the warrant may be executed immediately upon notice of default sent to the tenant, rather than on the later date previously agreed to by the parties.

July 2, 2015

Happy 4th of July

By Weiss & Weiss

June 25, 2015

Rent Regulation in New York – The Newest Provisions

By Weiss & Weiss

A recent article in the New York Times describes a tentative deal in Albany to extend the rent regulation laws in New York. Rent regulation in New York exists not only in New York City, but also in other large cities, such as Yonkers and White Plains. To speak generally, rent regulations usually restrict the amount of rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment. In addition, tenants are usually legally entitled to a one or two year lease renewal, subject to certain restrictions. Landlords are permitted to raise the rent a certain percentage per year, subject to an overall threshold of rent.

The proposed deal in Albany would raise the rent at which an apartment can be “de-regulated” from $2,500.00 per month to $2,700.00 per month. What this means is that apartments which rent for more than $2,700.00 per month would no longer be subject to rent regulation, and landlords would be permitted to charge “market rate” for such apartments. In addition, tenants of a de-regulated apartment would lose their right to a renewal lease at a fixed rate of rent increase. For example, if one rented an apartment for $3,000.00 per month for a two year lease, at the end of the two year term, the landlord would be permitted to raise the rent to whatever amount the market could bear. If the tenant does not want to pay the new rent, they would have to vacate the premises.

Because rent stabilized apartments renting for below $2,500.00 (soon to be $2,700.00) a month are likely to be regulated, the landlord under such a system has an incentive to remove such tenants after their current lease expires. If the tenants vacate, the landlord is permitted a “vacancy increase bonus,” which allows them to increase the rent that a new tenant would pay, to an amount greater than the legally permitted increase for the current tenant’s renewal. For this reason, some landlords will make a cash offers to “buy out” tenants of their rent regulated tenancies. Our firm has handled these situations, representing both landlords and tenants in different transactions regarding such buyouts, and we have discussed the specifics of such buyouts in a prior blog post.

June 17, 2015

Adverse Possession: The Fundamental Elements have Changed in New York

By Weiss & Weiss

One of this author’s first lessons in Property Law class involved the concept of adverse possession. Under this legal principle, one party may acquire title to the property belonging to another. In New York, the elements required to establish adverse possession in the governing statute have been modified after 2008.

Prior to 2008, the following items had to be proven in order to establish the right to acquire title through adverse possession: hostile/adverse with claim of right/title (meaning that the possessor must believe that he owns the property); actual (an act on the part of the possessor must be conducted on the subject property); open/notorious (the possessor must be acting in a manner that an observant property owner would be able to see their activity); exclusive (if a fence, gate or wall is installed it may prevent other parties from entry and make the possession exclusive to the possessor); continuous for ten years (the owner is out-of-possession for at least ten years); and likely to be cultivated or improved (gardening, lawn mowing and the like have been conducted by the possessor or the possessor built a structure such as a shed or other building) or protected by an enclosure (such as a gate or fence). Permissive use does not give rise to an adverse possession claim.

As a result of the New York recent case known as Walling v. Pryzyble , the “hostile” element from the adverse possession standards has been removed. Further, property need not be cultivated or improved to give rise to an adverse possession claim. The updated standard is that there is a reasonable belief that the property belongs to the possessor.

June 4, 2015

Foreclosure and Bankruptcy in New York

By Weiss & Weiss

A recent decision by the United States Supreme Court raises important issues for those whose homes are in foreclosure and are considering filing for federal bankruptcy protection. This case involved a borrower whose home was “underwater,” which means that the mortgage debt on the property (both a first and second mortgage) exceeded the current value of the home. In such cases, the bankruptcy counsel will often seek to have the second mortgage “stripped off,” that is, removed, so that it is no longer a lien on the property.

The Supreme Court ruled that, in such situations, the second mortgage could not be removed simply because the house was worth less that the total mortgage debt. This ruling will prevent such homeowners from having second mortgage loans (which are often in the form of home equity loans) discharged by the Bankruptcy Court in a Chapter 7 liquidation proceeding. This ruling protects banks that make second mortgages from having these mortgages dismissed in bankruptcy proceedings where the home currently has a negative equity.

Our firm handles many cases in which we defend homeowners who are in foreclosure. We are often asked what the effect of a bankruptcy filing would be on such a proceeding. The first effect of a bankruptcy filing is to freeze all current litigation against the person filing for bankruptcy, as well as all collection efforts on any debts. Therefore, if an individual is delinquent in their mortgage payments, a bankruptcy filing would suspend all collection letters, phone calls, and, of course, litigation relating to all debts, including mortgage debts. Failure to comply with the automatic bankruptcy stay may subject the lending institution to Court sanctions, including fines.

May 21, 2015

Where Will You Be Driving This Memorial Day Weekend?

By Weiss & Weiss

After another harsh winter in New York, many of us are looking forward to getting away this Memorial Day weekend. Those of us who are driving may have acquired the vehicle from an estate. This post will address estate issues as they pertain to cars and other vehicles.

As many of us know, cars in New York involve title, registration, and insurance. They may also involve a lease or a loan. We have written another post concerning how to manage debts of the deceased. The first step is that the Surrogate’s Court of the County in which the deceased resided needs to appoint an executor (if there was a will) or an administrator (if there was not a will). The executor or administrator needs to act on behalf of the estate to manage all relevant aspects of this matter.

Every car must be insured. The executor or administrator should employ his best efforts to maintain the insurance policy on the vehicle. Certainly, the car should not be driven if insurance has lapsed, because this could result in a ticket from the police if one happens to be stopped for another violation.

May 14, 2015

“Time of the Essence” Closing Dates in New York State

By Weiss & Weiss

Parties to real estate transactions often ask us whether it is appropriate to include a time of the essence clause in their real estate contract. A time of the essence clause provides that if the parties do not close on the specified date, then the party who is not ready, willing and able to close will be in default of the contract. If the seller is in default, the remedy available to the buyer would be a lawsuit demanding specific performance, requiring the seller to transfer ownership of the property. If the buyer is in default, the seller’s remedy would be to retain the downpayment. In addition, the particular contract between the parties may dictate additional remedies available.

In New York, it is legally assumed that if a contract does not specify time of the essence, then it is not time of the essence, unless the procedure described herein is followed. Typically contracts will have the language “closing on or about x date”. This has been interpreted by Courts to mean that such a date is an approximate target and not necessarily the precise date on which the parties should presume that they are closing. Purchasers often have difficulty with on or about closing dates, as they need to know that they can close before their children are expected to enroll in school and need to arrange for movers and contractors. We advise our clients not the schedule specific moving dates or contractor start dates until the closing is imminent.

Time of the essence closing dates are not standard in residential sales transactions. Customarily, a seller does not want to be liable if unable to perform on a specific date. A purchaser does not want to potentially lose his downpayment for matters outside of his control, such as the lender not clearing the file to close. Time of the essence closing dates are more typical in residential matters where a person is purchasing directly from a developer/sponsor. In this type of transaction, the seller’s time of the essence clause provides that purchaser will pay closing adjustments such as common charges and real estate taxes as of the time of the essence closing date, even if the actual closing takes place at a later date. Further, it is not unusual to see a time of the essence clause in a commercial real estate contract.

May 8, 2015

Employment Issues as Related to New York State Religious Corporation Law

By Weiss & Weiss

Our firm is often retained to represent parties relating to their employment at religious institutions. Such employment refers to, among other persons, the clergy, whether it is a Rabbi or Cantor at a Synagogue, a Minister or Reverend at a Church, or an Imam at a Mosque. A dispute may arise between a clergyperson and the institution at which they officiate. Such disputes may be the result of the termination of said employment, the interpretation of an employment agreement, or the failure of the institution to make payments pursuant to a retirement agreement or pension. This blog post will discuss the various legal issues relating to such disputes.

The first issue relating to a clergy’s employment is whether the individual at issue is an independent contractor or an employee. An exact legal definition of these categories is beyond the scope of this post. However, many smaller institutions attempt to categorize their clergy as independent contractors. This usually means that no taxes are withheld from their pay, and they are free to set their own hours and employment conditions. An employee is subject to W-2 tax withholding, and must generally keep regular hours and is subject to a greater degree of control by the institution in question.

If the individual clergy is classified as an employee, the next question is whether there is a written legal contract for their employment. Most clergy will have a written agreement with the religious institution which sets forth their terms of employment, salary (including any bonuses or pensions), benefits, renewal terms, and duties which they are expected to perform. Such agreement will usually be for a set period of time (for example, five years), and may contain provisions for renewal after expiration.

April 30, 2015

Recent Developments in New York Religious Corporation Law

By Weiss & Weiss

News outlets have recently reported a case involving a dispute over the sale of a synagogue located on the Lower East Side of New York City. Certain individuals, claiming to be members of the Board of Trustees, have submitted a petition to the New York State Attorney General seeking approval for a sale in the amount of Thirteen Million Dollars.

At issue is a dispute over whether the individuals who claim to be Board Members are, in fact, legally elected Board Members of the institution in question. Since the synagogue has been in existence for seventy-six years, there are many legal issues related to the authority of any individuals may have the authority to petition the Court to allow a sale of the property, which is also being used as a nursing home for the aged. An excellent overview of this highly contentious case to date may be found by reviewing a recent article in the New York Observer.

Readers of this blog may recall that this subject has been written about by us previously. A dispute involving a Hindu temple was analyzed in a recent post. Of course, every case has its own unique set of facts, but it is important to note that Courts are reluctant to intervene in decisions that are essentially religious in nature, for example, if a spiritual leader decides to excommunicate certain members. Such excommunicated members will have a difficult time finding a Court to overturn such a decision, due to First Amendment concerns.

April 23, 2015

Will the HUD Form be Disappearing from our Closings?

By Weiss & Weiss

Our readers who have attended residential real estate closings are familiar with the HUD Settlement Statement (the “HUD”). This document is meant to clearly identify all of the financial figures in a residential real estate transaction. The HUD is a disclosure document required when a mortgage is obtained from an institutional lender (such as Chase, CitiMortgage or Wells Fargo). The borrower is provided with this form either immediately before or during the closing in order to identify the real estate tax adjustments with the seller, costs of making the loan (such as origination fee, application fee, credit report fee and appraisal fee), real estate tax and insurance escrows established by the lender (including the breakdown of the number of months collected at the closing to be held in reserve), itemization of title charges (such as the insurance premium, search fees and recording fees) and the like. The HUD follows other well-known disclosure documents such as the Good Faith Estimate and Truth-in-Lending Disclosure delivered to the borrower before the closing.

However, the HUD as we know it may soon be disappearing from our closings, with certain exceptions discussed below. Beginning with applications for mortgage loans made after August 1, 2015, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau will be requiring a new series of disclosure documents. Lenders and their attorneys may encourage loan applications to be made before August 1, so that they only need to comply with the disclosure regulations with which they are familiar.

Rest assured, the basic content of the new disclosures and the intent behind them will remain the same. The disclosures are meant to integrate the first disclosure (Loan Estimate) with the last disclosure (Closing Estimate). The Loan Estimate form will replace the Good Faith Estimate and Truth-in-Lending Statement. It needs to be delivered three business days after the loan application is made. Some of the data on the Loan Estimate will be precisely the same on the Closing Estimate, so that the borrower will be familiar with the financial terms of the transaction. The Loan Estimate will be likely to please borrowers, in that it will disclose information that our clients have been seeking from the early stages of the transaction: is there a rate lock and for how long, what is the interest rate, what are the monthly payments expected, is there a prepayment penalty and most significantly, how much cash will be needed to close. This allows borrowers to take the steps needed to liquidate assets as needed to raise the funds needed to close. In the past, some people have been unduly surprised by the amount of the cash needed to close and have been unprepared.